<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="client.xsl" type="text/xsl"?>
<article article-type="other">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id />
      <issn />
      <banner>
        <href>banner.jpg</href>
        <size width="100%" />
      </banner>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <doi>10.14455/ISEC.2026.13(2).CSA-17</doi>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>RETHINKING BUILDING SAFETY:  A VIEWPOINT ON INTEGRATING PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN DURING THE OCCUPANCY PHASE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <author>MARTINA JASOFFA OMAR<sup>1</sup>, FARRAH ZUHAIRAH ISMAIL<sup>2</sup>, SYAHRUL NIZAM KAMARUZZAMAN<sup>3</sup>, MYZATUL AISHAH KAMARAZALY<sup>4</sup>, NOR SYAMIMI SAMSUDIN<sup>5</sup>, ALWI ZAKARIA<sup>1</sup>, SHOEB AHMED MEMON<sup>1</sup> and MAZLINA ZAIRA MOHAMMAD<sup>1</sup></author>
      <aff>
        <sup>1</sup>Faculty of Civil Engineering, Univ Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia<br />
        <sup>2</sup>Faculty of Built Environment, Univ Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia<br />
        <sup>3</sup>Faculty of Built Environment, Univ Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<br />
        <sup>4</sup>School of Architecture, Building and Design, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia<br />
        <sup>5</sup>Faculty of Built Environment, Univ Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak<br />
      </aff>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <abstract>
      <title>ABSTRACT</title>
      <p>Prevention through Design (PtD) has traditionally been applied during the planning, design, and construction stages to eliminate or reduce risks before work begins.  However, safety risks often continue after project completion, particularly during building occupancy and facility management.  This viewpoint paper argues for extending PtD principles beyond construction into the operational life of buildings to improve occupant safety, comfort, and well-being.  The study was undertaken through a critical review of current literature and supported by empirical insights from a survey of 225 building occupants.  The findings reveal a clear gap between pre-construction safety intentions and real-world operational conditions.  Occupants reported exposure to design-related hazards involving interior layouts, fitting placements, accessibility limitations, and unsafe building features.  A significant proportion of respondents supported the retrospective and continuous application of PtD principles to address these risks during building use.  The paper concludes that PtD should be understood as a lifecycle safety strategy rather than a construction-stage requirement only.  The most important consequence of this work is that designers, facility managers, and building professionals must collaborate continuously to ensure that safety is maintained throughout the building lifecycle.</p>
      <p>
        <italic>Keywords: </italic>Facility management, Operational risk, Occupant well-being, Hazard mitigation, Asset lifecycle, Accessibility, Maintainability, Design for safety</p>
    </abstract>
    <fpdf>
      <href>../images/logo/pdflogo.jpg</href>
      <hpdf>CSA-17</hpdf>
    </fpdf>
  </body>
</article>