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      <doi>10.14455/ISEC.2026.13(2).CTE-16</doi>
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        <article-title>EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE</article-title>
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      <author>JANA SHMAYSEM<sup>1</sup>, ALISSAR YEHYA<sup>1</sup>, BILAL HAMAD<sup>1</sup> and ELSA MAALOUF<sup>2</sup></author>
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        <sup>1</sup>Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American Univ of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon<br />
        <sup>2</sup>Bahaa and Walid Bassatne Dept of Chemical Engineering, American Univ of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon<br />
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    <abstract>
      <title>ABSTRACT</title>
      <p>processes that shape microstructural development in cement-reduced concrete.  This study investigates the effect of magnetic treatment on concrete incorporating 2% TiO₂ nanoparticles by weight of binder.  Concrete mixtures with a 10% reduction in cement content were subjected to magnetic fields of 270 mT for durations of 2 and 5 minutes.  Compressive strength was evaluated at 7 and 28 days, and microstructural characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy.  The inclusion of 2% TiO₂ nanoparticles alone partially compensated for the strength loss resulting from cement reduction, while magnetic exposure further enhanced this response.  Under 270 mT magnetic treatment, compressive strength increased by up to 32% at 7 days and 22% at 28 days, suggesting improved particle dispersion and hydration kinetics.  Microstructural analysis confirmed a denser C–S–H network and improved uniformity of hydration product distribution in magnetically treated specimens indicating enhanced nucleation activity and reduced pore connectivity.  These results indicate that magnetic fields promoted the early-stage hydration and densification by increasing particle mobility and reaction efficiency in TiO₂-modified systems.</p>
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        <italic>Keywords: </italic>Electromagnetism, Microstructure, SEM images, Hydration kinetics, Cement reduction, Compressive strength</p>
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      <hpdf>CTE-16</hpdf>
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