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<doi>/ISEC.res.2017.78</doi>
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<article-title>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SHARES OF A<br/>
REINFORCED CONCRETE EARTH-RETAINING<br/>
WALL WITH BUTTRESSES 
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<author>FRANCISCA MOLINA-MORENO<sup>1</sup>, JOSE V. MART&#205;<sup>2</sup>, V&#205;CTOR YEPES<sup>2</sup>, and ANDREAS<br/>
CIROTH<sup>3</sup></author>

<aff><sup>1</sup>Dept of Transport Infrastructure and Engineering, Universitat Polit&#232;cnica de Val&#232;ncia,<br/>
Valencia, Spain<br/>
<sup>2</sup>Institute of Concrete Science and Technology (ICITECH), Universitat Polit&#232;cnica<br/>
de Val&#232;ncia, Valencia, Spain<br/>
<sup>3</sup>GreenDelta, Berlin, Germany</aff>

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>Structural engineers focus on the reduction of carbon emissions in reinforced concrete
structures, while other impacts affecting ecosystems and human health become
secondary or are left behind. The featured life cycle assessment shows the impacts
corresponding to each construction stage of an earth-retaining wall with buttresses. In
this study the contribution ratio of each input flow is analyzed. Accordingly, concrete,
landfill, machinery, formwork, steel, and transport are considered. Results show that
despite the concrete almost always accounts for the largest contribution to each impact,
the impact shares of steel present noticeable sensitivity to the steel-manufacturing
route. The parameter of study is the recycling rate, usually 75% reached in Spain.
Noticeable variation is found when the recycling content increases. The relationship
between the impacts of each material with the amount of material used discloses
research interest.</p>
<p><italic>Keywords: </italic>Life cycle assessment, Functional unit, Steel recycling rate, Concrete ratio,
Photochemical oxidation, Ozone depletion, Global warming.</p>
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