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<doi>/ISEC.res.2017.117</doi>
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<article-title>PROGRAM-FOR RESULTS: AN ANALYSIS OF<br/>
PROCUREMENT STRATEGIES</article-title>
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<author>KAREEM ZAHRAN and A. SAMER EZELDIN</author>

<aff>Construction Engineering Dept, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt</aff>


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<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>In year 2012, the World Bank responded to the continuous demand from borrowing
countries to offer a results-based financing mechanism by introducing the Program-for-
Results (P4R) mechanism. There are four main characteristics that define the
framework of applying P4R; namely, (1) it supports borrowers’ programs, (2) offers
disbursements against agreed results, (3) focuses on strengthening institutions that
support the success of the program and (4) ensures supported programs serve social and
environmental aspects. These characteristics are all translated into Disbursement
Linked Indicators that are agreed between the WB and the borrowing country, prior to
the implementation of program. DLIs are classified into several result-areas, according
to their overall aim, such as (1) direct result areas that are directly related to the main
aim of the program through the achievement of pre-agreed projects or tasks and (2)
Indirect result areas that support the continuity of the achieved results, through
supporting relevant institutions. This research analyzes the relations between such
characteristics and their effects on the results of the program, through an evaluation of
previous P4R operations. This is accomplished through an evaluation of the selected
types of DLIs in different countries for different sectors. It also analyzes the types of
indirect DLIs and their relation to the main Program Development Objective. The
paper includes a detailed case study on the Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services
Program in Egypt.</p>
<p><italic>Keywords: </italic>World-bank, Disbursement-linked-indicators, Implementation, Results-
based-finance, Infrastructure.</p>
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